In Longshan County, the Tujia weaving tradition is deeply rooted in the local environment and culture, and can be broadly categorized into three main types: rattan, straw, and bamboo. These crafts not only serve practical purposes but also reflect the lifestyle, beliefs, and artistic sensibilities of the Tujia people.
Rattan weaving is one of the most common forms, thanks to the abundance of rattan plants in the mountainous region. The Tujia people collect vines, peel them, and use them as raw materials for weaving. This technique is used to create a variety of useful items such as baskets, boxes, chairs, trays, mats, and schoolbags. These items are not only functional but also reflect the craftsmanship and aesthetic values of the community.
Straw weaving has a long history among the Tujia people, dating back to ancient times when grass was an essential part of daily life. Traditional clothing, such as straw hats and garments made from reeds or palm leaves, was commonly worn, especially during festivals and performances. One notable example is the traditional Maogu dance, where performers wear straw or leaf-based costumes. Straw was also used to make raincoats known as "suo yi" (a type of waterproof cloak), and sandals, called "Tui Su" in the Tujia language, which were made by weaving straw around a curved wooden base. These shoes were comfortable, durable, and suitable for both hot and rainy weather. In addition, straw was used to make mats, stools, toys, and even small animal figures with tail-like designs. During the Spring Festival, people would weave long straw dragons for the dragon lantern festival, showcasing their creativity and cultural heritage.
Bamboo weaving is another significant craft in Longshan, where numerous varieties of bamboo provide rich natural materials. The process often begins with “knocking,†a technique used to shape and bind the bamboo. Bamboo is flexible and easy to work with, making it ideal for creating fences, tools, and household items. Over time, the Tujia people developed more sophisticated techniques, leading to the creation of various daily necessities. The bamboo weaving process can be divided into three main categories.
First, there is the "mian" category, which involves fine and delicate weaving techniques. This method is used to create intricate items like flower baskets, rice containers, and baby cradles. Among these, the "back cage" (he he) holds special cultural significance. When a girl gets married, her family gifts her a beautifully woven back cage, which she carries on her back. It symbolizes support and care, and is also used in wedding rituals, where the groom carries it to his new in-laws' home. Similarly, when a child is born, the grandmother may send a doll in the back cage, representing the child's future and growth.
Second, the "filing and silk knitting" category involves using sharp tools to cut and shape the bamboo into thin, uniform strips. These are then woven into soft, flexible structures, such as baskets, cooking vessels, and cradles. The bamboo cradle, known as the "drum," is particularly famous for its elegant design and safety. It is not only a practical item but also a symbol of love and care, as it is often accompanied by lullabies that help the child sleep soundly and dream sweetly.
Third, the "comprehensive" category combines different materials, such as bamboo, reed, and silk, to create more complex and decorative items. This includes furniture like tables, chairs, and beds, as well as decorative objects like birdcages, flower racks, and toys. These items showcase the versatility and artistry of Tujia weaving, blending functionality with beauty.
Through these three weaving traditions—rattan, straw, and bamboo—the Tujia people have preserved a unique cultural identity, passed down through generations and deeply embedded in their way of life.
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