Since ancient times, Chinese people have harbored an unclear feeling about jade. "The gentleman is without reason, Jade does not go to the body", "it is rather broken, not tiled" ... Jade culture contains a great national spirit. China has always advocated Confucianism, and Confucianism has the idea of ​​"respecting jade". People have always regarded jade as a symbol of virtue, identity, and wealth.
The ancients believed that the beauty of stone was for jade. The elite in jade is Hetian Yu. As early as in the Neolithic Age, Hetian Yu was discovered under the Kunlun Mountains. The precursor of China’s colorful Silk Road was actually a jade road more than 6,000 years ago. It was Hetianyu that opened a communication channel between East and West. Today, Hetian jade is still a wonderful work in Chinese culture.
Li Xinling, a specialist in Kampo who had been dealing with jade for more than a decade. Not so much an expert, I prefer to call him a pity jade person. In him, a few cents of the experts’ grimness was lost, and the jade was a bit more moist. The book Hetian Yu Appreciation and Investment written by him recently provided a chance for collectors who liked collecting and investing in Hetian jade to be close to Hetian Yu and understand Hetian jade.
Recently, a reporter from China Net Cultural Exchange asked Mr. Li from the categories, identification, and maintenance of Hetian Yu and He Tianyu.
This "Hetian jade" is not his "Hetian jade"
China Net Cultural Exchange: Hetian jade is specifically refers to the jade from Xinjiang Hetian?
Li Xinling: Jewels and jade are divided into gemstones and jades. The definition of jades is a mineral aggregate that is produced by nature and has beautiful appearance, sparseness, durability and process value. Mineral aggregates refer to the aggregation of many fine minerals, not single crystals like gems. Hetian jade refers to the mineral aggregates that are produced by nature and have beautiful appearance, rareness, and durability. The main minerals are tremolite. Hetian jade is not a concept of origin, no matter where it originated, as long as its main mineral is tremolite we call it Hetian jade. However, ordinary people generally believe that Hetian jade is produced from Xinjiang Hetian jade. However, the national standard means that no matter where it is produced, as long as the main ingredient is tremolite is called Hetian jade, this is a broad concept.
China Net Cultural Exchange: How is Hetian jade classified?
Li Xinling: According to national standards, we classify them according to the color of Hetian jade. The shape of the external features can be changed manually, but the color is a constant feature. White to blue divided into four colors: white sheep fat, white jade, white jade, sapphire. There is also a green called jasper, yellow called Huang Yu, black called Mo Yu, sugar color is called sugar jade.
The color of sugar is a special kind of color. After the formation of Hetian jade, it is exposed on the surface or on the surface of shallow ground. After temperature and pressure changes, or water scours, brings in some minerals, or its own minerals are oxidized, it becomes brown, Brown, brown, etc. We are customarily called sugar. In the past, sugar was unnecessary. However, with the appreciation of jade, sugar-colored jade materials are increasingly valuable. And some of the ingredients are sugar-colored, and the handicrafts made are also pretty. As more and more sugar and jade appear on the market, we will separate it. In addition, we classify them based on the color of sugar: we call it micro-sugars with sugar color below 5%, sugar color between 5% and 30%, sugar color or sugar color, 30% 85% of it is the base of white jade, which is called sugar white jade; it is the base of jade, which is called sugar sapphire; 85% of it is called sugar jade.
Therefore, according to the color Hetian jade is divided into eight categories: sheep fat jade, white jade, white jade, jade, jade, jade, jasper, sugar jade. These eight categories basically cover 95% of the market's Hetian jade.
Another is based on the classification of origin. We call it mountainous material dug in the mountains to open mines; the mines formed by the mountains pass through the glaciers in the natural environment, and the temperature changes into the river and is washed, collided and ground by the river for a long time. This is called sub-material; Another is between the mountains and the sub-materials, jade angular slightly rounded, we call it mountains and rivers. It is due to the long-term crustal movement of mountains, weathered and collapsed, and was flooded and moved to the riverbed in the middle and upper reaches of the river; and there is also a mountain material or sub-material that has already been formed. Because of the diversion of the river, it becomes Gobi beach, then exposed to the surface, after wind erosion, picked up on the Gobi beach, we call it Gobi material.
Origin rich features rich jade culture Chinese network cultural exchange: Many people brought back a piece of Hetian jade from Xinjiang, and later found that it is actually Qinghai jade or Russian jade, then how to distinguish between Hetian jade, Qinghai jade and Russian jade? What are their respective characteristics?
Li Xinling: I personally think there is no need to distinguish. Judging the quality of a piece of Hetian jade, as long as its color, texture, and carving are all good, then it is a good thing and there is no need to pursue its place of origin. In fact, there is no essential difference between these things. Their mineral composition is tremolite, and their density and refractive index are the same. However, because of the subtle differences in its place of origin, there are certain differences in the senses when people use their eyes.
In Qinghai, its white color is somewhat gray and its transparency is relatively high. And its waterline is heavier and more. The waterline is a line similar to our palm lines, but it cannot be touched.
Russia is particularly white, as white as paper, relatively poor flexibility, relatively coarse particles. When we look at it with a flashlight, we feel grainy. We call it salty, just like salt. And its sugar color is heavy. It is more likely that Russian-made materials will be sold, such as bracelets with heavy sugar colors on the market.
The material in Xinjiang is relatively fine, and the white color is soft and not dazzling, but it is also not grayish and has good flexibility.
However, when judging which kind of material it is, it cannot be judged on the basis of only one of its characteristics. Instead, several factors must be considered together.
China Net Cultural Exchange: Not everyone has a special instrument to identify the authenticity of Hetian jade. Can you introduce us to several methods of identification?
Li Xinling: In terms of identification, each thing has its own fixed characteristics. Compared with other jades, Hetian jade is measured from a scientific point of view in terms of its density, refractive index, light characteristics, infrared spectrum, and mineral composition. In the ordinary sense we judge through the senses, there are several ways: First of all, it is natural to see if the finish of jade is formed or processed. The luster and transparency of a good jade give a warm beauty. The second is that Hetian jade has a higher density than other stones, and it is heavier. There is color, we must pay attention to observe the color of jade, determine the type of jade.
Magnifiers and flashlights are essential tools for ordinary jade enthusiasts. Magnifier can observe whether jade surface has scratches, cracks, fractures and other phenomena. The flashlight is designed to look through the jade in the absence of room light.
China Net Cultural Exchange: How to identify Hetian jade and its imitation products?
Li Xinling: There are roughly three types of imitations on the market today: glass, marble, and quartzite.
The earliest, the most imitation is the glass. However, the appearance of glass replicas and jade are fundamentally different. Glass replicas are not carved out, but are poured out with a mold. For example, to make a bracelet and pour the glass into the mold, like turning the sand, its luster and the luster of jade are different. Jade is a grease sheen and glass is a glass sheen. In addition, there will always be bubbles inside the glass. Generally, more than 90% of them have bubbles. As long as there are bubbles, then it is glass. Naturally formed things like Hetian jade are generally free from bubbles. Even individual bubbles have separate bubbles. Due to the low density of the glass, it is lighter. The same size thing, the glass is lighter, and Hetian jade is relatively heavy.
The imitation of marble is relatively simple to identify. Because the color of marble is very white and its hardness is relatively low, there is a scratch with a knife or a key; a white point appears with a needle. But this destructive behavior does not generally do. In fact, if you wear marble for some time, there will be some scratches on it.
The most difficult to identify is the quartzite replica. Quartzite has a higher hardness than Hetian jade, so it is difficult to distinguish hardness. However, the density of quartzite is lower than that of Hetian jade, which is better than that of Hetian jadeite. Therefore, it is sometimes seen that there are some flocs inside. And quartzite is a glass sheen, jade is a grease sheen.
The continuous rise in temperature is only due to the fact that the market is in short supply. China Net Cultural Exchange: Hetian Yu has been rising in recent years. What do you think is the internal reason for its appreciation?
Li Xinling: I think there are three reasons. The first is the large demand. This is the fundamental reason. Before and after 2000, there were only forty-five stores selling Hetian jade in Xinjiang, but now there are 5,000 large and small shops, which have increased by 100 times in several years. As demand increases, prices will naturally rise. At the same time, the amount of exploitation in recent years has also grown faster. From the time it was recorded until the liberation, the amount of exploitation was more than 9,000 tons, and now the output of one year is equal to the output of the past few years. In the 1970s, the Hetian jade mine was established in all counties of Xinjiang, but the output was not stable, relying on labor. The annual output varies from a few hundred kilograms to several tens of tons. After improving the technology, a mine can produce 100 tons to 200 tons a year. However, in recent years, due to the rise in jade prices, more and more people are making mines. According to inaccurate statistics, in good times, Xinjiang's annual output does not exceed 1,000 tons, and when it is poor, it is one or two hundred tons and at least 500 tons. In Golmud Mine, two mines can produce 4-5 tons per year. Therefore, with the increase in demand, the amount of production is relatively large.
The second reason is the appreciation of prices in recent years and the devaluation of ***.
The third reason is that prices for artificial and engraved workers are increasing. In addition, the money in people’s hands has also increased. But I think the fundamental reason is that the demand is big.
China Net Cultural Exchange: What are the misunderstandings of collectors of Hetian jade? Can you give some advice to collectors of Tian Tianyu?
Li Xinling: It is very popular now to collect this word. Many things can be collected. I think Hetian jade is a relatively good collection because it is scarce and resistant to preservation, but there are four misunderstandings in the collection of Hetian jade.
One is that the collection of Hetian jade will be collected in white. White is indeed better and prices are higher. However, in recent years, the appreciation is not necessarily white, and the appreciation of sapphire, sugar and jade, jasper and jasper is fast and there is ample room for appreciation.
The second misunderstanding is blind pursuit of the sub-materials. In fact, the mother of Hetian jade's material is the mountain material, so if the material is very good, then the mountain material can be found. In fact, almost 10% of the sub-materials on the market are relatively good.
There are also people who are pursuing "skin" and the sub-material must be "skinned." In fact, people used to think that "Leather" was a dirty thing to remove. But now there are skin things more expensive than nothing. Some people see the skin color is good, they buy a high price, but after opening it is very poor. I think we should look at the meat first and look at the skin again.
There is also the pursuit of origin, we must Xinjiang materials. In fact, as far as jade is concerned, each place produces good or bad.
Ren Yu Yurun China Culture Network: How to maintain Hetian Yu?
Li Xinling: Hetian jade's toughness, hardness, and high temperature, acid and alkali, so the maintenance is relatively simple. Just keep it alone and avoid bumping. The most important point is that jade is often worn. The oil produced by the body will form a layer of pulp on the surface of the jade, which will make the jade more moist.
Hetian Yu recorded thousands of years of jade culture in China. Nowadays, with the warming of the collections, Hetian Yu has become the focus of collectors' pursuit. It is hoped that collectors can really combine the five virtues of Xu Yu in the “Shuo Wen Jie Zi†when they are collecting. Benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, and faith will continue this kind of Yude.
The ancients believed that the beauty of stone was for jade. The elite in jade is Hetian Yu. As early as in the Neolithic Age, Hetian Yu was discovered under the Kunlun Mountains. The precursor of China’s colorful Silk Road was actually a jade road more than 6,000 years ago. It was Hetianyu that opened a communication channel between East and West. Today, Hetian jade is still a wonderful work in Chinese culture.
Li Xinling, a specialist in Kampo who had been dealing with jade for more than a decade. Not so much an expert, I prefer to call him a pity jade person. In him, a few cents of the experts’ grimness was lost, and the jade was a bit more moist. The book Hetian Yu Appreciation and Investment written by him recently provided a chance for collectors who liked collecting and investing in Hetian jade to be close to Hetian Yu and understand Hetian jade.
Recently, a reporter from China Net Cultural Exchange asked Mr. Li from the categories, identification, and maintenance of Hetian Yu and He Tianyu.
This "Hetian jade" is not his "Hetian jade"
China Net Cultural Exchange: Hetian jade is specifically refers to the jade from Xinjiang Hetian?
Li Xinling: Jewels and jade are divided into gemstones and jades. The definition of jades is a mineral aggregate that is produced by nature and has beautiful appearance, sparseness, durability and process value. Mineral aggregates refer to the aggregation of many fine minerals, not single crystals like gems. Hetian jade refers to the mineral aggregates that are produced by nature and have beautiful appearance, rareness, and durability. The main minerals are tremolite. Hetian jade is not a concept of origin, no matter where it originated, as long as its main mineral is tremolite we call it Hetian jade. However, ordinary people generally believe that Hetian jade is produced from Xinjiang Hetian jade. However, the national standard means that no matter where it is produced, as long as the main ingredient is tremolite is called Hetian jade, this is a broad concept.
China Net Cultural Exchange: How is Hetian jade classified?
Li Xinling: According to national standards, we classify them according to the color of Hetian jade. The shape of the external features can be changed manually, but the color is a constant feature. White to blue divided into four colors: white sheep fat, white jade, white jade, sapphire. There is also a green called jasper, yellow called Huang Yu, black called Mo Yu, sugar color is called sugar jade.
The color of sugar is a special kind of color. After the formation of Hetian jade, it is exposed on the surface or on the surface of shallow ground. After temperature and pressure changes, or water scours, brings in some minerals, or its own minerals are oxidized, it becomes brown, Brown, brown, etc. We are customarily called sugar. In the past, sugar was unnecessary. However, with the appreciation of jade, sugar-colored jade materials are increasingly valuable. And some of the ingredients are sugar-colored, and the handicrafts made are also pretty. As more and more sugar and jade appear on the market, we will separate it. In addition, we classify them based on the color of sugar: we call it micro-sugars with sugar color below 5%, sugar color between 5% and 30%, sugar color or sugar color, 30% 85% of it is the base of white jade, which is called sugar white jade; it is the base of jade, which is called sugar sapphire; 85% of it is called sugar jade.
Therefore, according to the color Hetian jade is divided into eight categories: sheep fat jade, white jade, white jade, jade, jade, jade, jasper, sugar jade. These eight categories basically cover 95% of the market's Hetian jade.
Another is based on the classification of origin. We call it mountainous material dug in the mountains to open mines; the mines formed by the mountains pass through the glaciers in the natural environment, and the temperature changes into the river and is washed, collided and ground by the river for a long time. This is called sub-material; Another is between the mountains and the sub-materials, jade angular slightly rounded, we call it mountains and rivers. It is due to the long-term crustal movement of mountains, weathered and collapsed, and was flooded and moved to the riverbed in the middle and upper reaches of the river; and there is also a mountain material or sub-material that has already been formed. Because of the diversion of the river, it becomes Gobi beach, then exposed to the surface, after wind erosion, picked up on the Gobi beach, we call it Gobi material.
Origin rich features rich jade culture Chinese network cultural exchange: Many people brought back a piece of Hetian jade from Xinjiang, and later found that it is actually Qinghai jade or Russian jade, then how to distinguish between Hetian jade, Qinghai jade and Russian jade? What are their respective characteristics?
Li Xinling: I personally think there is no need to distinguish. Judging the quality of a piece of Hetian jade, as long as its color, texture, and carving are all good, then it is a good thing and there is no need to pursue its place of origin. In fact, there is no essential difference between these things. Their mineral composition is tremolite, and their density and refractive index are the same. However, because of the subtle differences in its place of origin, there are certain differences in the senses when people use their eyes.
In Qinghai, its white color is somewhat gray and its transparency is relatively high. And its waterline is heavier and more. The waterline is a line similar to our palm lines, but it cannot be touched.
Russia is particularly white, as white as paper, relatively poor flexibility, relatively coarse particles. When we look at it with a flashlight, we feel grainy. We call it salty, just like salt. And its sugar color is heavy. It is more likely that Russian-made materials will be sold, such as bracelets with heavy sugar colors on the market.
The material in Xinjiang is relatively fine, and the white color is soft and not dazzling, but it is also not grayish and has good flexibility.
However, when judging which kind of material it is, it cannot be judged on the basis of only one of its characteristics. Instead, several factors must be considered together.
China Net Cultural Exchange: Not everyone has a special instrument to identify the authenticity of Hetian jade. Can you introduce us to several methods of identification?
Li Xinling: In terms of identification, each thing has its own fixed characteristics. Compared with other jades, Hetian jade is measured from a scientific point of view in terms of its density, refractive index, light characteristics, infrared spectrum, and mineral composition. In the ordinary sense we judge through the senses, there are several ways: First of all, it is natural to see if the finish of jade is formed or processed. The luster and transparency of a good jade give a warm beauty. The second is that Hetian jade has a higher density than other stones, and it is heavier. There is color, we must pay attention to observe the color of jade, determine the type of jade.
Magnifiers and flashlights are essential tools for ordinary jade enthusiasts. Magnifier can observe whether jade surface has scratches, cracks, fractures and other phenomena. The flashlight is designed to look through the jade in the absence of room light.
China Net Cultural Exchange: How to identify Hetian jade and its imitation products?
Li Xinling: There are roughly three types of imitations on the market today: glass, marble, and quartzite.
The earliest, the most imitation is the glass. However, the appearance of glass replicas and jade are fundamentally different. Glass replicas are not carved out, but are poured out with a mold. For example, to make a bracelet and pour the glass into the mold, like turning the sand, its luster and the luster of jade are different. Jade is a grease sheen and glass is a glass sheen. In addition, there will always be bubbles inside the glass. Generally, more than 90% of them have bubbles. As long as there are bubbles, then it is glass. Naturally formed things like Hetian jade are generally free from bubbles. Even individual bubbles have separate bubbles. Due to the low density of the glass, it is lighter. The same size thing, the glass is lighter, and Hetian jade is relatively heavy.
The imitation of marble is relatively simple to identify. Because the color of marble is very white and its hardness is relatively low, there is a scratch with a knife or a key; a white point appears with a needle. But this destructive behavior does not generally do. In fact, if you wear marble for some time, there will be some scratches on it.
The most difficult to identify is the quartzite replica. Quartzite has a higher hardness than Hetian jade, so it is difficult to distinguish hardness. However, the density of quartzite is lower than that of Hetian jade, which is better than that of Hetian jadeite. Therefore, it is sometimes seen that there are some flocs inside. And quartzite is a glass sheen, jade is a grease sheen.
The continuous rise in temperature is only due to the fact that the market is in short supply. China Net Cultural Exchange: Hetian Yu has been rising in recent years. What do you think is the internal reason for its appreciation?
Li Xinling: I think there are three reasons. The first is the large demand. This is the fundamental reason. Before and after 2000, there were only forty-five stores selling Hetian jade in Xinjiang, but now there are 5,000 large and small shops, which have increased by 100 times in several years. As demand increases, prices will naturally rise. At the same time, the amount of exploitation in recent years has also grown faster. From the time it was recorded until the liberation, the amount of exploitation was more than 9,000 tons, and now the output of one year is equal to the output of the past few years. In the 1970s, the Hetian jade mine was established in all counties of Xinjiang, but the output was not stable, relying on labor. The annual output varies from a few hundred kilograms to several tens of tons. After improving the technology, a mine can produce 100 tons to 200 tons a year. However, in recent years, due to the rise in jade prices, more and more people are making mines. According to inaccurate statistics, in good times, Xinjiang's annual output does not exceed 1,000 tons, and when it is poor, it is one or two hundred tons and at least 500 tons. In Golmud Mine, two mines can produce 4-5 tons per year. Therefore, with the increase in demand, the amount of production is relatively large.
The second reason is the appreciation of prices in recent years and the devaluation of ***.
The third reason is that prices for artificial and engraved workers are increasing. In addition, the money in people’s hands has also increased. But I think the fundamental reason is that the demand is big.
China Net Cultural Exchange: What are the misunderstandings of collectors of Hetian jade? Can you give some advice to collectors of Tian Tianyu?
Li Xinling: It is very popular now to collect this word. Many things can be collected. I think Hetian jade is a relatively good collection because it is scarce and resistant to preservation, but there are four misunderstandings in the collection of Hetian jade.
One is that the collection of Hetian jade will be collected in white. White is indeed better and prices are higher. However, in recent years, the appreciation is not necessarily white, and the appreciation of sapphire, sugar and jade, jasper and jasper is fast and there is ample room for appreciation.
The second misunderstanding is blind pursuit of the sub-materials. In fact, the mother of Hetian jade's material is the mountain material, so if the material is very good, then the mountain material can be found. In fact, almost 10% of the sub-materials on the market are relatively good.
There are also people who are pursuing "skin" and the sub-material must be "skinned." In fact, people used to think that "Leather" was a dirty thing to remove. But now there are skin things more expensive than nothing. Some people see the skin color is good, they buy a high price, but after opening it is very poor. I think we should look at the meat first and look at the skin again.
There is also the pursuit of origin, we must Xinjiang materials. In fact, as far as jade is concerned, each place produces good or bad.
Ren Yu Yurun China Culture Network: How to maintain Hetian Yu?
Li Xinling: Hetian jade's toughness, hardness, and high temperature, acid and alkali, so the maintenance is relatively simple. Just keep it alone and avoid bumping. The most important point is that jade is often worn. The oil produced by the body will form a layer of pulp on the surface of the jade, which will make the jade more moist.
Hetian Yu recorded thousands of years of jade culture in China. Nowadays, with the warming of the collections, Hetian Yu has become the focus of collectors' pursuit. It is hoped that collectors can really combine the five virtues of Xu Yu in the “Shuo Wen Jie Zi†when they are collecting. Benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, and faith will continue this kind of Yude.
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